Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted on biomass residues using a TGA-Q500 analyzer at standard pressure. Samples were...
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CHNS/O Analyzer
The ELEMENTRAC CS-i elemental analyzer measures carbon and sulfur concentrations in solid samples by melting them in a pure oxy...
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Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Instrument & Method: A Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) was used to determine particle size distributi...
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Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)
Sample Preparation: The sample was dried in solid state to protect the equipment. Approximately 2 mg of the sample was weig...
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X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XRD Analysis Procedure Summary (Rigaku MiniFlex 600) Instrument Setup: Powered on XRD and set 30 kV, 15 mA, temperature 21–...
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Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)
QUANTACHROME NOVA4200e Sample Prep & Analysis – Summary Sample Prep: Weigh sample into cell. Insert cell into heating ma...
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Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
Sample Preparation Samples were mounted on aluminum stubs using sticky carbon tape and coated with gold for insulation and con...
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Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
The SEM-EDS Phenom Prox, manufactured by Phenom World in Eindhoven, Netherlands, was used for morphology analysis. Samples were...
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BIO Portable Gas Analyzer
The RASI700 BIO Portable Gas Analyzer (2016, Eurotron Instruments) was powered on and initialized for 60 seconds, then stabiliz...
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